Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy

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Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy: The term foreign policy refers to the decisions and actions taken by a nation or other actor in managing its interactions with other states and entities within the international system. As a fundamental aspect of international relations, foreign policy shapes how a nation engages with the world, striving to protect its interests and achieve its objectives in the global arena. It plays a critical role in fostering cooperation, maintaining peace, and ensuring stability, while also influencing relationships between nations and global actors.

India, a nation known for its diversity in culture, religion, region, and tradition, has carved out a unique position in the international landscape. Since gaining independence in 1947, India has transformed into a major democratic trade partner with a vast market. The global order has undergone significant changes—from the bipolar dynamics of the Cold War between the US and the USSR, through a brief unipolar era of American dominance, to the current landscape where the US and China are emerging as rival poles amidst the illusion of multipolarity.

In this complex and shifting global environment, India must establish a distinct foreign policy identity to balance national interests with moral principles. Its growing prominence in global geopolitics can largely be attributed to its adaptive and pragmatic foreign policy. Over the years, India’s foreign policy priorities have evolved in response to global geopolitical changes and regime transitions. While some aspects of its approach remain constant, others have shifted, enhancing India’s standing in the international community and reflecting its dynamic and forward-looking global engagement strategy.

Historical Background

During British colonial rule, India’s involvement in international affairs was largely dictated by the need to further British national interests. Despite India having little to gain from global geopolitics in the first half of the 20th century, the colonial administration often placed India at the center of international relations to support British positions on key global issues.



Recognizing the need for a more independent and thoughtful engagement with global challenges, the Indian National Congress eventually included a Department of Foreign Affairs within its organizational structure. This marked a significant step toward the evolution of India’s foreign policy. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress began articulating positions on major international issues, often independently of colonial directives. An early and notable example of this shift was India’s active participation in the San Francisco discussions leading to the signing of the United Nations Charter after World War II.

As India approached independence, Jawaharlal Nehru’s views on foreign policy became increasingly pronounced. Upon becoming India’s interim Prime Minister in 1946, Nehru articulated a visionary approach to foreign policy in a radio address on September 7, 1946. He outlined foundational principles that would shape India’s engagement with the world, emphasizing the pursuit of national interests in harmony with global priorities such as decolonization, the eradication of imperialism and racism, and the promotion of solidarity among newly independent nations in Asia and Africa.

Nehru’s policy also emphasized Non-Alignment, steering clear of Cold War power blocs while fostering equitable and friendly relations globally. This approach symbolized India’s aspiration to balance its national interests with the broader challenges of the international political landscape, laying the groundwork for its independent and influential foreign policy.

Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy

India’s foreign policy has been shaped by a variety of determinants over the years, including geographical factors, economic considerations, historical influences, cultural aspects, political systems, regional dynamics, global conditions, and military strength. These elements collectively influence India’s interactions with the world and the strategies it pursues in the international arena.

Geography: India’s geographical location plays a pivotal role in shaping its foreign policy. Situated at the heart of South Asia, India is profoundly impacted by events across the entire Asian continent. The Himalayan range, which forms India’s northern boundary, is crucial in determining its relations with neighboring countries such as Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar. Relations with these nations, especially Nepal, have been influenced by India’s concerns over China’s growing influence in the region since 1962. Additionally, India’s strategic position in the Indian Ocean gives it an inherent advantage, making control of this maritime region essential for India’s rise as a major global power.

Population: With the world’s highest population and a youthful demographic, India’s foreign policy is also shaped by its status as a burgeoning consumer market. As India’s population grows, its demand for goods and services increases, influencing its international trade relations. However, India’s large population also brings challenges such as hunger and poverty, which continue to shape its domestic and foreign policy decisions. Disagreements with countries like the United States, particularly regarding agricultural subsidies, reflect the complexities of balancing domestic needs with global trade expectations.

Political System: India’s democratic framework is a significant determinant in shaping its foreign policy. As the world’s largest democracy, India’s political system promotes ideals of peaceful coexistence, which resonates with nations across Asia, particularly those troubled by China’s rise. India’s parliamentary structure also means that state governments, especially during coalition governments at the center, can influence foreign policy decisions. For example, regional political considerations played a role in India’s response to the Sri Lankan Tamil issue and the 2005 US-India Nuclear Deal.

Economic Development: Economic factors are central to India’s foreign policy, with economic autonomy being a key driver. Following economic liberalization in 1991, India has experienced significant growth, making it an attractive partner for countries seeking trade relations. As a major consumer of energy, India maintains strong economic ties with nations such as Turkmenistan, Iran, and Russia. However, economic imbalances, such as India’s negative trade balance with China, continue to be a challenge.

History and Culture: India’s rich history and cultural heritage profoundly influence its foreign policy. Concepts from ancient Indian political thought, such as Kautilya’s vision of a strong kingdom and the ideals of Gandhi and Buddha, continue to inform India’s diplomatic approaches. India’s diverse religious landscape also fosters connections with countries across the world. Furthermore, historical experiences such as colonialism and opposition to imperialism and nuclear proliferation remain central themes in India’s foreign policy today.

Regional Environment: Regional developments have a significant impact on India’s foreign policy. For instance, India’s relations with neighboring countries like Pakistan and China have been shaped by historical tensions and strategic alliances. The 1971 Indo-Pakistan war, for example, led India to strengthen ties with the Soviet Union. Similarly, India’s growing partnership with the United States is a direct response to China’s rising power in the region. India’s “Look East” and “Act East” policies have further solidified its role in the ASEAN region, strengthening its influence in the Asia-Pacific.

Global Environment: Global forces, driven by globalization, also shape India’s foreign policy. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, India’s foreign policy has adapted to global changes. For example, despite its cooperation with the United States on environmental issues, India has resisted pressure to leave the Paris Agreement, demonstrating its commitment to independent policy-making. India’s stance on international terrorism and its efforts to reform the United Nations Security Council also reflect its active participation in shaping the global order.

Military Power: India’s military strength is a crucial factor in its foreign policy. With one of the largest standing armies in the world, along with a formidable air force and navy, India ranks among the top global military powers. The country’s nuclear capabilities and advances in space technology further bolster its position. These military assets play a significant role in determining India’s strategic objectives and its approach to global security issues.

These various factors—geographical, demographic, political, economic, cultural, regional, global, and military—continue to influence India’s foreign policy. While some elements remain constant, India’s foreign policy is constantly evolving in response to changing global dynamics and domestic needs. As India emerges as a key player on the world stage, it must continue to craft policies that reflect its national interests while addressing global challenges.

Constitutional Principles of India’s Foreign Policy

Article 51 of the Indian Constitution, under the section titled “Directive Principles of State Policy,” outlines several key principles that guide India’s foreign policy. These principles emphasize the importance of promoting global peace and security. Specifically, Article 51 directs the state to:

  1. Promote global peace and security
  2. Maintain just and honorable international relations
  3. Encourage adherence to international law and the fulfillment of treaty obligations in relations between nations
  4. Support the use of arbitration to resolve international disputes

These guiding principles reflect India’s commitment to fostering a peaceful and cooperative global environment while upholding justice and international norms.

Basic Principles Governing India’s Foreign Policy

The core principles that guide India’s foreign policy have stood the test of time and are deeply rooted in both national policy and international law. These guiding concepts include:

  1. Panchsheel
  2. The Non-Alignment Policy
  3. The Anti-Colonialist and Anti-Racial Policy
  4. Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes
  5. Support for the United Nations, International Law
  6. Promotion of a Just and Equal World Order through Foreign Economic Assistance

Panchsheel: Signed on April 29, 1954, the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence (Panchsheel) have served as a foundation for India’s bilateral relations with other nations. The five principles of Panchsheel are:

  1. Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty
  2. Non-aggression
  3. Non-interference in internal affairs
  4. Equality and mutual benefit
  5. Peaceful co-existence

The Non-Alignment Policy: Non-alignment has been a central element of India’s foreign strategy. By refusing to join the military alliances formed by the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, India aimed to maintain national independence in global affairs. Non-alignment is not about neutrality or isolationism but rather a flexible philosophy that advocates an autonomous approach to international relations, depending on the circumstances. During the Cold War, non-alignment won broad support from developing nations, allowing them to safeguard their sovereignty while maintaining freedom of action.

The Anti-Colonialist and Anti-Racial Policy: India’s foreign policy is rooted in the ideals of resistance to colonialism and racism, principles fought for during India’s struggle for independence. As a victim of colonialism and imperialism, India views these ideologies as a threat to global peace and security. India is committed to opposing all forms of racial discrimination and upholding the equality of all people.

Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes: A cornerstone of India’s foreign policy is its firm belief in the peaceful resolution of international disputes. This principle is enshrined in the Directive Principles of State Policy, the United Nations Charter, and the Indian Constitution. India has consistently advocated for negotiated solutions to conflicts, such as the Palestine issue, boundary disputes with neighboring countries, and other international challenges. India has also played a pivotal role in resolving the Korean War.

Support for International Law and a Just World Order: India holds international law and the principles of the United Nations in high regard, particularly the doctrines of non-interference in the internal affairs of states and the sovereign equality of all nations. India has made significant contributions to maintaining international peace through its active participation in the decolonization process and UN peacekeeping missions. India has also supported global disarmament efforts, including a bold nuclear disarmament proposal presented to the UN in 1988. Despite opposition from other UN members, India remains committed to the goal of global disarmament and has continued to advocate for a more democratic and representative Security Council.

Promotion of a Just and Equal World Order through Foreign Economic Assistance: India’s foreign policy has consistently emphasized the promotion of a just and equitable global order, and one of the key tools used to achieve this goal is foreign economic assistance. India believes in the importance of fostering economic development in underdeveloped and developing nations, particularly through trade, investment, and financial aid. The nation’s foreign aid policies are aligned with its broader objectives of combating poverty, inequality, and underdevelopment, with a focus on promoting sustainable growth and self-reliance. India’s foreign economic assistance often targets infrastructure development, capacity building, and technical cooperation in sectors like education, healthcare, energy, and agriculture. By offering such assistance, India aims to reduce global disparities and create more balanced and cooperative international relations. Additionally, India supports multilateral initiatives and institutions, such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, to help shape policies that encourage fair trade and equitable distribution of resources, contributing to the development of a more just world order. India’s approach to foreign economic assistance is rooted in the principle of mutual benefit and respect, ensuring that the aid provided fosters long-term relationships based on shared growth, rather than dependency. Through these efforts, India continues to advocate for a global system where economic development is inclusive and benefits all nations, particularly those that have historically been marginalized.

Specific Principles of India’s Foreign Policy

1. Gujral Doctrine

The Gujral Doctrine, articulated by I.K. Gujral during his tenure as India’s foreign minister and later as prime minister, is a set of five principles designed to guide India’s relations with its immediate neighbors in South Asia. The key tenets of the doctrine are:

  1. India will not seek reciprocity from its neighbors, but will offer goodwill and accommodation based on trust.
  2. No South Asian country should permit its territory to be used in a way that harms another country’s interests.
  3. Countries should avoid interfering in each other’s internal affairs.
  4. All South Asian nations must respect each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
  5. Disputes should be resolved through peaceful bilateral negotiations.

Gujral believed that strict adherence to these principles would transform South Asia’s regional dynamics, fostering mutual cooperation and improving relationships, particularly between India and Pakistan. The doctrine aims to create an environment where India’s size and strength are viewed as assets, contributing to regional stability and cooperation.

2. Krishna Doctrine

The Krishna Doctrine, named after S.M. Krishna, emphasizes the protection and well-being of Indian citizens living abroad. It advocates for prioritizing the needs of the Indian diaspora, particularly those who contribute significantly to India’s economy through remittances. Krishna argued that the Indian government should make the safety of its overseas citizens a top priority, protecting them from harm and holding accountable any government, organization, or individual that jeopardizes their well-being. The focus should be on safeguarding the lives of ordinary Indian nationals and ensuring their interests are defended globally.

3. From Look East to Act East Policy

India’s “Act East” Policy, initiated in 2014, is an evolution of the earlier “Look East” Policy, emphasizing stronger economic, political, and security ties with Southeast and East Asia. The northeastern region of India serves as a key gateway to this engagement. While “Look East” began in 1992, the “Act East” approach goes beyond mere engagement; it aims for proactive participation in the Asia-Pacific region. This policy builds on two main pillars: Japan and South Korea, both of which play crucial roles in India’s strategy to strengthen its relations with the broader Asia-Pacific region.

4. Look West Policy

India’s “Look West” Policy, reinforced under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership since 2014, focuses on enhancing relations with the Middle East, particularly the Arab Gulf states, Israel, and Iran. While India’s ties with the Arab Gulf nations began evolving in the 1970s, its relationships with Israel and Iran have deepened since the 1990s. India’s flexible foreign policy framework incorporates dialogue and conflict resolution, maintaining balanced relationships with all major regional players. The “Look West” Policy reflects India’s commitment to building strategic partnerships while focusing on its own internal growth, ensuring self-sufficiency, and securing resources crucial for its future. As a growing global power, India seeks to craft a foreign policy that serves both national interests and regional stability, making it a key player in global affairs.

Changing Nature of India’s Foreign Policy

In his remarks at the 4th Ramnath Goenka Lecture in 2019, Dr. S. Jaishankar, India’s Minister of External Affairs, outlined six distinct phases of Indian foreign policy:

  1. Initial Phase (1946–1962): Optimistic Non-Alignment in the Modern Era.
  2. Second Phase (1962–1971): Realism and Recovery Decade.
  3. Third Phase (1971–1991): Period of Greater Indian Regional Assertion.
  4. Fourth Phase (1991–1999): Quest for Strategic Autonomy.
  5. Fifth Phase (2000–2013): India as a Balancing Power.
  6. Sixth Phase (2014–Present): Phase of Energetic Diplomacy.

By 2014, a series of global events and shifts in the international order brought about a significant change in India’s foreign policy approach. One such development was the rise of China, which began to assert itself more aggressively in its foreign relations. This period marked a shift toward a more proactive and assertive Indian foreign policy, especially under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who took office in May 2014.

The Modi administration’s foreign policy has witnessed a dramatic transformation, steering India towards becoming a more prominent global power in a relatively short span of time. This transformation is evident in both intellectual and political discussions, as India has increasingly sought to strengthen its international influence and secure its interests on the global stage.

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