Mughal Dynasty in Odisha: The Mughal Dynasty’s influence in Odisha marked a transformative period in the region’s history. Beginning with Akbar’s conquest in the late 16th century, Odisha became an integral part of the Mughal Empire. This era witnessed significant administrative, economic, and cultural changes, including the integration of Odisha into the Mughal administrative framework, the introduction of new land revenue systems, and the flourishing of art and architecture under Mughal patronage. This post delves into the Mughal presence in Odisha, exploring their conquests, governance, and enduring legacy in the region’s history.
Foundation
Mughal rule in Odisha began with the arrival of Raja Mansingh, a trusted Rajput general of Emperor Akbar. In 1590, Qutlu Khan Lohani, an officer under Daud Khan Karrani, declared his independence and assumed the title of ‘Qutlu Shah.’ Subsequently, his son Nasir Khan was appointed as the Governor of Odisha but surrendered control of the Puri region. Raja Mansingh, serving as the Governor of Bihar, launched a campaign against Nasir Khan and decisively defeated him on April 18, 1592. By 1593, Odisha was fully integrated into the Mughal Empire as a part of the Bengal Subah.
Odisha under Akbar and Jahangir
- During Akbar’s reign, Odisha was divided into five sarkars: Jaleswar (including Midnapore), Bhadrak, Cuttack, Chika Khol, and Raj Mahendry Dandpat. Akbar adopted a policy of non-interference in the affairs of local chieftains, allowing them a degree of autonomy. However, this approach changed under Jahangir, who restructured Odisha into a separate Subah governed by a Subahdar appointed in the name of the Mughal emperor.
- Under Jahangir’s rule, several prominent administrators served as Governors of Odisha, including Quasim Khan (1606 CE), Kalyan Mal (1611 CE), Mukarram Khan (1617 CE), and Ahmed Beg (1621 CE).
Odisha under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb
- In 1628, upon Shah Jahan’s accession to the Mughal throne, Muhammad Baqar Khan was appointed as the Governor of Odisha. Later, in 1645, Zaman Teharani succeeded him as Governor.
- During Shah Jahan’s reign, Cuttack served as the administrative headquarters of Odisha.
- In 1659, following the Mughal war of succession, Aurangzeb ascended the throne. This period saw several local chieftains in Odisha declaring independence. Aurangzeb appointed Khan-i-Duran as the Governor of Odisha (1660–1667).
- Khan-i-Duran launched campaigns to suppress the rebellious chieftains and successfully defeated Mukundadeva I, the then king of Khurda, consolidating Mughal authority in the region.
Conclusion
The Mughal Dynasty’s rule in Odisha was a significant chapter in the region’s history, marked by administrative integration, socio-economic transformations, and political realignments. From Akbar’s strategic governance to Aurangzeb’s assertive policies, the Mughals established their authority over Odisha while dealing with resistance from local rulers and chieftains. Despite periods of conflict, this era laid the groundwork for administrative reforms, cultural exchanges, and the incorporation of Odisha into the larger Mughal Empire. However, the waning influence of the Mughals in the 18th century eventually paved the way for Maratha and British dominance, signaling the end of an era and the beginning of new challenges for Odisha.